The Symbolist Muse: A Selection of Prints from the National Gallery of Canada
Symbolism emerged as an artistic movement in the second half of the nineteenth century, reaching its apogee in the visual arts towards the end of that century. Its origins, however, lie in the literature of the American author Edgar Allen Poe and in the poetry of Charles Baudelaire, Stéphane Mallarmé, Arthur Rimbaud and Paul Verlaine, during the 1860s and 1870s, leading to the Symbolist Manifesto of Jean Moréas, published in Le Figaro in 1886. While to some extent an outgrowth of the glorification of the individual and personalized emotional response found in early nineteenth-century Romanticism, Symbolism espoused no idealism. Instead, it sought, through highly metaphorical, obscure, ambiguous, dreamlike imagery – sometimes macabre or even sexual and taboo in nature – to stir the viewer’s imagination and spiritual sensibilities. Synaesthesia, the stimulation of one sense by exciting another, of using hearing to stimulate seeing and vice versa, for example, was a central ambition of the movement, glorified by the anti-hero of Joris-Karl Huysmans’s controversial and influential novel Against Nature of 1884. Oscar Wilde’s The Picture of Dorian Gray and his late play Salomé reflect Symbolist ambitions. The plays of Maurice Maeterlinck and Debussy’s opera Pelléas et Mélisande are other profoundly Symbolist works. It is no coincidence that the movement coincided with increased public interest in Eastern religions and the emergence of Freudian psychoanalysis. United by their reaction against the focus on the physical world that preoccupied the Realists and Impressionists of mid-century, the Symbolists were less connected by a stylistic consistency than by a philosophy. Symbolist artists used personal, private, obscure images and iconography, and evocative colours to speak in intentionally ambiguous terms to the individual soul.
Hilliard H. Goldfarb, Associate Chief Curator and Curator of Old Masters at the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts, is in charge of the Montreal presentation of the exhibition.
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Symbolism emerged as an artistic movement in the second half of the nineteenth century, reaching its apogee in the visual arts towards the end of that century. Its origins, however, lie in the literature of the American author Edgar Allen Poe and in the poetry of Charles Baudelaire, Stéphane Mallarmé, Arthur Rimbaud and Paul Verlaine, during the 1860s and 1870s, leading to the Symbolist Manifesto of Jean Moréas, published in Le Figaro in 1886. While to some extent an outgrowth of the glorification of the individual and personalized emotional response found in early nineteenth-century Romanticism, Symbolism espoused no idealism. Instead, it sought, through highly metaphorical, obscure, ambiguous, dreamlike imagery – sometimes macabre or even sexual and taboo in nature – to stir the viewer’s imagination and spiritual sensibilities. Synaesthesia, the stimulation of one sense by exciting another, of using hearing to stimulate seeing and vice versa, for example, was a central ambition of the movement, glorified by the anti-hero of Joris-Karl Huysmans’s controversial and influential novel Against Nature of 1884. Oscar Wilde’s The Picture of Dorian Gray and his late play Salomé reflect Symbolist ambitions. The plays of Maurice Maeterlinck and Debussy’s opera Pelléas et Mélisande are other profoundly Symbolist works. It is no coincidence that the movement coincided with increased public interest in Eastern religions and the emergence of Freudian psychoanalysis. United by their reaction against the focus on the physical world that preoccupied the Realists and Impressionists of mid-century, the Symbolists were less connected by a stylistic consistency than by a philosophy. Symbolist artists used personal, private, obscure images and iconography, and evocative colours to speak in intentionally ambiguous terms to the individual soul.
Hilliard H. Goldfarb, Associate Chief Curator and Curator of Old Masters at the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts, is in charge of the Montreal presentation of the exhibition.