The beginning of the 20th century brought a surge of challenges to the prevailing styles and procedures for art making in Europe. Many young artists in central Europe rejected traditional training in state-sponsored art academies and formed groups with other artists who shared their desire to depart radically from what they saw as art鈥檚 emphasis on outward appearances. The groups
Die Br眉cke (The Bridge), founded by
Ernst Ludwig Kirchner,
Karl Schmidt-Rottluff, and
Erich Heckel in Dresden in 1905, and Der Blaue Reiter (The Blue Rider), founded by
Wassily Kandinsky and
Franz Marc in M眉nich in 1911, experimented together with form and technique, leading to groundbreaking publications and exhibitions. These and other artists working in Vienna and Berlin鈥攃ollectively called the Expressionists鈥攅mployed a condensed, abstracted visual language to access highly charged emotions or spiritual states.